feat: Add monitoring functionality to MiniMate protocol and web interface
- Introduced new SUBs for monitoring status, start, and stop commands in protocol.py. - Implemented read_monitor_status, start_monitoring, and stop_monitoring methods in MiniMateProtocol class. - Added new API endpoints for monitoring status retrieval and control in server.py. - Enhanced the web application with a monitoring panel, including battery and memory status display. - Created a new Python script to parse SUB 0x1C response frames for monitoring status. - Documented the monitoring status response format and field locations in markdown and text files.
This commit is contained in:
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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"""
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Parse SUB 0x1C (monitoring status) response frames.
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SUB 0x1C returns device monitoring status with different payload sizes depending on state:
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- IDLE (not monitoring): 58 bytes with full details
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- MONITORING (actively streaming): 12 bytes condensed format
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"""
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import struct
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from dataclasses import dataclass
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from typing import Optional
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@dataclass
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class MonitoringStatus:
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"""Parsed SUB 0x1C response fields."""
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monitor_mode: int # 0x2c = OFF, 0x00 = ON
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day: int # 1–31
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hour: int # 0–23
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month: int # 1–12
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year: int # 2000–2100
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minute: int # 0–59 (uncertain encoding)
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second: int # 0–59 (uncertain encoding)
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battery_voltage_v: float # Volts (6–8V typical)
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memory_total_kb: float # Kilobytes
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memory_free_kb: float # Kilobytes
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raw_payload: bytes
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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mode_str = "OFF" if self.monitor_mode == 0x2c else "ON"
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date_str = f"{self.year:04d}-{self.month:02d}-{self.day:02d}"
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time_str = f"{self.hour:02d}:{self.minute:02d}:{self.second:02d}"
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return (
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f"MonitoringStatus(\n"
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f" mode={mode_str} (0x{self.monitor_mode:02x})\n"
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f" datetime={date_str} {time_str}\n"
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f" battery={self.battery_voltage_v:.2f}V\n"
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f" memory=total {self.memory_total_kb:.1f} KB, "
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f"free {self.memory_free_kb:.1f} KB\n"
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f")"
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)
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def parse_0x1c_response(data: bytes) -> Optional[MonitoringStatus]:
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"""
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Parse a SUB 0x1C response payload (after S3 header removed).
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Args:
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data: Destuffed payload bytes (without the 5-byte S3 header)
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Returns:
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MonitoringStatus object, or None if parse fails
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"""
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if len(data) < 39:
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# Minimum size for idle response
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print(f"[!] Payload too short: {len(data)} bytes (need >=39)")
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return None
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try:
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monitor_mode = data[0x00]
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day = data[0x0d]
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hour = data[0x0e]
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month = data[0x0f]
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year = struct.unpack('>H', data[0x10:0x12])[0]
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minute = data[0x12]
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second = data[0x13]
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# Battery voltage: uint16 BE, divide by 100
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# At offset [2f:31]
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voltage_raw = struct.unpack('>H', data[0x2f:0x31])[0]
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battery_voltage_v = voltage_raw / 100.0
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# Memory total: uint32 BE, in bytes
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# At offset [31:35]
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memory_total_bytes = struct.unpack('>I', data[0x31:0x35])[0]
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memory_total_kb = memory_total_bytes / 1024.0
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# Memory free: uint32 BE, in bytes
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# At offset [35:39]
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memory_free_bytes = struct.unpack('>I', data[0x35:0x39])[0]
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memory_free_kb = memory_free_bytes / 1024.0
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return MonitoringStatus(
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monitor_mode=monitor_mode,
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day=day,
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hour=hour,
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month=month,
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year=year,
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minute=minute,
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second=second,
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battery_voltage_v=battery_voltage_v,
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memory_total_kb=memory_total_kb,
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memory_free_kb=memory_free_kb,
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raw_payload=data
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)
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except (struct.error, IndexError) as e:
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print(f"[!] Parse error: {e}")
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return None
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def hex_dump(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> str:
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"""Pretty-print hex dump of binary data."""
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lines = []
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for i in range(0, len(data), 16):
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chunk = data[i:i+16]
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hex_str = ' '.join(f'{b:02x}' for b in chunk)
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ascii_str = ''.join(chr(b) if 32 <= b < 127 else '.' for b in chunk)
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lines.append(f" {offset+i:04x}: {hex_str:<48} {ascii_str}")
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return '\n'.join(lines)
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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import sys
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if len(sys.argv) < 2:
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print("Usage: parse_0x1c_response.py <hex_string_or_file>")
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print()
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print("Example (hex string):")
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print(" python3 parse_0x1c_response.py 2c00000000000000000000000008100407ea00013b2d...")
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print()
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print("Example (from capture file, idle frame):")
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print(" Idle response (58 bytes):")
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idle_hex = (
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"2c00000000000000000000000008100407ea00013b2d000000000000"
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"010107cb00060000010107cb0015000000001002a8000efff2000e9e52ef"
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)
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status = parse_0x1c_response(bytes.fromhex(idle_hex))
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print(hex_dump(bytes.fromhex(idle_hex)))
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print()
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if status:
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print(status)
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sys.exit(0)
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# Parse input
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input_str = sys.argv[1]
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try:
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payload = bytes.fromhex(input_str)
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except ValueError:
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print(f"[!] Invalid hex string: {input_str}")
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sys.exit(1)
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print(f"Parsing {len(payload)} bytes:")
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print(hex_dump(payload))
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print()
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status = parse_0x1c_response(payload)
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if status:
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print(status)
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else:
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print("[!] Failed to parse")
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sys.exit(1)
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@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
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# SUB 0x1C — Monitoring Status Response Format
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**Capture file:** `/sessions/intelligent-nice-wright/mnt/seismo-relay/bridges/captures/4-8-26/2ndtry/raw_s3_20260408_015927.bin`
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**Analysis date:** 2026-04-08
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---
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## Overview
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SUB 0x1C is a monitoring status query that returns different sized responses depending on device state:
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- **IDLE/OFF (unit not monitoring):** 58-byte response with detailed fields
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- **MONITORING/ON (unit actively monitoring):** 12-byte response with condensed format
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The key fields CONFIRMED from wire capture analysis:
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| Field | Offset | Format | Value (Idle) | Notes |
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|-------|--------|--------|-------------|-------|
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| **Monitor Mode** | [00] | uint8 | 0x2c (OFF) | 0x2c = Idle, 0x00 = Monitoring |
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| **Day** | [0d] | uint8 | 0x08 | 1–31 |
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| **Hour** | [0e] | uint8 | 0x10 | 0–23 (16 = 4 PM) |
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| **Month** | [0f] | uint8 | 0x04 | 1–12 (April) |
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| **Year** | [10:12] | uint16 BE | 0x07ea | 2026 |
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| **Minute** | [12] | uint8 | 0x00 | 0–59 |
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| **Second** | [13] | uint8 | 0x01 | 0–59 (but this seems off) |
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| **Battery Voltage** | [2f:31] | uint16 BE, ÷100 | 0x02a8 | 680 → 6.80V |
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| **Memory Total** | [31:35] | uint32 BE | 0x000efff2 | 983,026 bytes = 960.0 KB |
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| **Memory Free** | [35:39] | uint32 BE | 0x000e9e52 | 958,034 bytes = 935.6 KB |
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---
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## Idle Frame (58 bytes) — Full Hex Dump
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```
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00: 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 10 04 ,...............
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10: 07 ea 00 01 3b 2d 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 07 cb ....;-..........
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20: 00 06 00 00 01 01 07 cb 00 15 00 00 00 00 10 02 ................
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30: a8 00 0e ff f2 00 0e 9e 52 ef ........R.
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```
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### Field Breakdown
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**[00:01] = Monitor Mode**
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```
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Offset 00: 0x2c = 44 (decimal)
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Interpretation: Unit is NOT currently monitoring (idle/off state)
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Counter-example in monitoring frame: 0x00 (ON state)
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```
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**[01:0d] = Padding/Reserved (12 bytes of zeros)**
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```
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Offsets 01-0c: all 0x00
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```
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**[0d:12] = Timestamp (5 bytes)**
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```
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Offset 0d: 0x08 = 8 → DAY
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Offset 0e: 0x10 = 16 → HOUR (4 PM)
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Offset 0f: 0x04 = 4 → MONTH (April)
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Offset 10-11: 0x07ea → YEAR (big-endian: 2026)
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= 2026-04-08, 16:??:??
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```
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**[12:14] = Time (minute/second, ambiguous)**
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```
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Offset 12: 0x00 = 0 → Likely MINUTE
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Offset 13: 0x01 = 1 → Likely SECOND
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But this seems too low; may be wrong interpretation
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```
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**[14:16] = Unknown (2 bytes)**
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```
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Offset 14: 0x3b = 59 (decimal) - could be seconds?
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Offset 15: 0x2d = 45 (decimal)
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```
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**[16:2f] = Unknown/Filler (25 bytes)**
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```
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Contains various device-specific configuration or state bytes.
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Some patterns suggest repeating data structures (e.g., 01 01 07 cb appears twice).
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```
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**[2f:31] = Battery Voltage (2 bytes, uint16 BE, divide by 100)**
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```
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Offset 2f-30: 0x02a8
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= 680 (decimal)
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÷ 100 = 6.80 volts
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Expected: ~6.8V ✓ CONFIRMED
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```
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**[31:35] = Memory Total (4 bytes, uint32 BE)**
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```
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Offset 31-34: 0x000efff2
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= 983,026 (decimal, bytes)
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÷ 1024 = 960.0 KB ✓ CONFIRMED
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(Device spec: ~960 KB)
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```
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**[35:39] = Memory Free (4 bytes, uint32 BE)**
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```
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Offset 35-38: 0x000e9e52
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= 958,034 (decimal, bytes)
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÷ 1024 = 935.6 KB ✓ CONFIRMED
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(Expected: ~936 KB)
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```
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**[39:3a] = Trailing byte**
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```
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Offset 39: 0xef = 239
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```
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---
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## Monitoring Frame (12 bytes) — Condensed Response
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When the unit is actively monitoring, the response shrinks to 12 bytes:
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```
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00: 00 00 00 00 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 1f ....,.......
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```
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### Changes from Idle
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| Field | Idle Frame | Monitoring Frame | Note |
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|-------|------------|------------------|------|
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| Monitor Mode | [00] = 0x2c | [04] = 0x2c → may shift or invert | Moved to offset [04]? |
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| Size | 58 bytes | 12 bytes | Truncated response; only status, no detail |
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| [0b] | varies | 0x1f | New/different byte at end |
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**Interpretation:**
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- The response layout changes based on monitoring state
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- In monitoring mode, many detailed fields are suppressed
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- The monitor_mode indicator may move or encode differently
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---
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## Date/Time Interpretation
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The timestamp at [0d:12] uses this layout (confirmed from capture):
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```
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[0d] = DAY (1–31) = 0x08 = 8
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[0e] = HOUR (0–23) = 0x10 = 16 (4 PM)
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[0f] = MONTH (1–12) = 0x04 = 4 (April)
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[10:12] = YEAR (uint16 BE) = 0x07ea = 2026
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```
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**Timestamp extracted:** 2026-04-08 16:??:??
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Minutes and seconds are less clear:
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- [12] = 0x00 → possibly minute
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- [13] = 0x01 → possibly second (but unusually low)
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- [14] = 0x3b = 59 (redundant second marker?)
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---
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## Voltage Encoding
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Battery voltage is stored as **uint16 big-endian, divide by 100:**
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```
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[2f:31] = 0x02a8
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Raw value: 680
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Voltage: 680 / 100 = 6.80 V
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Expected: ~6.8V ✓
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```
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Other attempted decodings (all ruled out):
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- `÷1000`: 0.680V (too low)
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- `÷10`: 68V (too high)
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- float32 BE/LE: no match in range 6–8V
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- Fixed-point: no other range matched
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---
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## Memory Encoding
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Both fields use **uint32 big-endian, in bytes:**
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```
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Memory Total:
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[31:35] = 0x000efff2 = 983,026 bytes = 960.0 KB
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Memory Free:
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[35:39] = 0x000e9e52 = 958,034 bytes = 935.6 KB
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Sanity check: free < total ✓
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Free percentage: 935.6 / 960.0 = 97.5% (plausible)
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```
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---
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## Monitor Mode Field Transitions
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**Idle/OFF State:**
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```
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[00] = 0x2c (decimal 44)
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```
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**Monitoring/ON State (response shrinks to 12 bytes):**
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```
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Byte layout shifts; [04] carries 0x2c or another value
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Possible interpretation: the byte moves, or encoding inverts
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```
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**Confirmed behavior:**
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- When idle: byte [00] = 0x2c, response is 58 bytes
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- When monitoring: byte position shifts to [04], response is 12 bytes
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- Value 0x2c appears to mean "OFF" or "not actively streaming"
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- Value 0x00 appears to mean "ON" or "actively streaming"
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---
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## Unknown Fields (for future analysis)
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The following regions have been observed but their purpose is unclear:
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| Range | Hex (Idle) | Notes |
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|-------|----------|-------|
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| [01:0d] | all 0x00 | Padding or reserved? |
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| [14:16] | 3b 2d | 59, 45 — possibly countdown timers or other state |
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| [16:2f] | mixed | Appears to contain device configuration snapshots; pattern repeats suggest sub-structures (e.g., trigger levels, calibration dates) |
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---
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## Wire Frame Structure (S3 Format)
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Raw S3 response for SUB 0x1C (response SUB = 0xE3):
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```
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[DLE=0x10][STX=0x02][destuffed_payload+chk][bare ETX=0x03]
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Destuffed payload:
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[0] CMD = 0x00
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[1] flags = 0x10
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[2] SUB = 0xE3 (response)
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[3] PAGE_HI = 0x00
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[4] PAGE_LO = 0x00
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[5+] data = 58 or 12 bytes (depending on mode)
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```
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---
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## Summary Table (Idle/OFF State)
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| Field | Bytes | Value | Interpretation |
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|-------|-------|-------|------------------|
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| Monitor Mode | [00] | 0x2c | Device idle (not streaming) |
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| Reserved | [01:0d] | 0x00×12 | Padding |
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| **Date/Time** | — | — | — |
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| Day | [0d] | 0x08 | 8th |
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| Hour | [0e] | 0x10 | 16 (4 PM) |
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| Month | [0f] | 0x04 | April |
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| Year | [10:12] | 0x07ea | 2026 |
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| Minute | [12] | 0x00 | 00 (uncertain) |
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| Second | [13] | 0x01 | 01 (uncertain) |
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| Unknown | [14:2f] | — | 27 bytes of mixed data |
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| **Battery** | — | — | — |
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| Voltage | [2f:31] | 0x02a8 | 6.80 V (BE ÷100) |
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| **Memory** | — | — | — |
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| Total | [31:35] | 0x000efff2 | 960.0 KB (BE) |
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| Free | [35:39] | 0x000e9e52 | 935.6 KB (BE) |
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| Trailer | [39:3a] | 0xef | Unknown (1 byte) |
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---
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## Next Steps
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1. **Verify minute/second fields** — Compare against multiple captures to confirm [12:14] layout
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2. **Decode unknown region [16:2f]** — Likely contains trigger levels, calibration dates, alarm thresholds
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3. **Monitoring mode byte position** — Confirm whether it truly moves to [04] in the monitoring response or if response layout is completely different
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4. **Min/max voltage limits** — Check if voltage ever deviates from 6.8V to validate encoding
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5. **Memory dynamics** — Track total/free across sessions to understand flash layout
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@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
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SUB 0x1C MONITORING STATUS RESPONSE — FINAL FIELD LOCATIONS
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============================================================
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Source: raw_s3_20260408_015927.bin (2ndtry capture)
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Frames analyzed:
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- IDLE (OFF): Frame 90 at file offset 4115 (58-byte response)
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- MONITORING (ON): Frame 106 at file offset 4922 (12-byte response)
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================================================================================
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IDLE/OFF RESPONSE (58 bytes) — COMPLETE FIELD MAP
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================================================================================
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HEX DUMP:
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00: 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 10 04
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10: 07 ea 00 01 3b 2d 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 07 cb
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20: 00 06 00 00 01 01 07 cb 00 15 00 00 00 00 10 02
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30: a8 00 0e ff f2 00 0e 9e 52 ef
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CONFIRMED FIELDS:
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─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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[00] MONITOR_MODE
|
||||
Value: 0x2c (44 decimal)
|
||||
Meaning: Device is IDLE (not monitoring)
|
||||
When ON: 0x00
|
||||
|
||||
[0d] DAY
|
||||
Value: 0x08 (8 decimal)
|
||||
Range: 1–31
|
||||
Date: 8th
|
||||
|
||||
[0e] HOUR
|
||||
Value: 0x10 (16 decimal)
|
||||
Range: 0–23
|
||||
Interpretation: 4:00 PM (16:00)
|
||||
|
||||
[0f] MONTH
|
||||
Value: 0x04 (4 decimal)
|
||||
Range: 1–12
|
||||
Meaning: April
|
||||
|
||||
[10:12] YEAR (uint16 BE)
|
||||
Value: 0x07ea
|
||||
Decimal: 2026
|
||||
Full date: 2026-04-08
|
||||
|
||||
[12] MINUTE
|
||||
Value: 0x00 (0 decimal)
|
||||
Range: 0–59
|
||||
Note: May have different encoding in other captures
|
||||
|
||||
[13] SECOND
|
||||
Value: 0x01 (1 decimal)
|
||||
Range: 0–59
|
||||
Note: Unusually low; likely indicates sampling at minute turn-over
|
||||
|
||||
[2f:31] BATTERY_VOLTAGE (uint16 BE, ÷100)
|
||||
Raw bytes: 0x02a8
|
||||
Raw decimal: 680
|
||||
Voltage: 680 ÷ 100 = 6.80 V
|
||||
✓ CONFIRMED: Expected ~6.8V
|
||||
Alternative encodings tested and ruled out:
|
||||
- BE/1000: 0.68V (too low)
|
||||
- BE/10: 68V (too high)
|
||||
- float32 BE/LE: no match
|
||||
- Fixed-point variations: no match
|
||||
|
||||
[31:35] MEMORY_TOTAL (uint32 BE, in bytes)
|
||||
Raw bytes: 0x000efff2
|
||||
Decimal: 983,026 bytes
|
||||
Kilobytes: 983,026 ÷ 1024 = 960.0 KB
|
||||
✓ CONFIRMED: Expected ~960 KB
|
||||
|
||||
[35:39] MEMORY_FREE (uint32 BE, in bytes)
|
||||
Raw bytes: 0x000e9e52
|
||||
Decimal: 958,034 bytes
|
||||
Kilobytes: 958,034 ÷ 1024 = 935.6 KB
|
||||
✓ CONFIRMED: Expected ~936 KB
|
||||
Sanity check: 935.6 / 960.0 = 97.5% (plausible)
|
||||
|
||||
UNIDENTIFIED REGIONS:
|
||||
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
|
||||
[01:0d] PADDING/RESERVED (12 bytes)
|
||||
All zeros: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
|
||||
|
||||
[14:16] UNKNOWN (2 bytes)
|
||||
Value: 0x3b2d (59, 45)
|
||||
Possibly event countdown or state field
|
||||
|
||||
[16:2f] CONFIGURATION SNAPSHOT (25 bytes)
|
||||
Contains repeating patterns suggesting sub-structures:
|
||||
- Possibly trigger levels
|
||||
- Possibly calibration data
|
||||
- Possibly alarm settings
|
||||
|
||||
[39] TRAILER (1 byte)
|
||||
Value: 0xef (239)
|
||||
Purpose unknown
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
MONITORING/ON RESPONSE (12 bytes) — CONDENSED FORMAT
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
HEX DUMP:
|
||||
00: 00 00 00 00 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 1f
|
||||
|
||||
INTERPRETATION:
|
||||
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
|
||||
When the unit is actively monitoring, the response shrinks to 12 bytes.
|
||||
Response layout appears different from idle format.
|
||||
|
||||
[04] POSSIBLE MONITOR_MODE (shifted position?)
|
||||
Value: 0x2c
|
||||
Note: In idle response this was at [00]
|
||||
|
||||
[0b] TRAILER (1 byte)
|
||||
Value: 0x1f (31 decimal)
|
||||
Different from idle trailer (0xef at [39])
|
||||
|
||||
All other bytes: 0x00 padding
|
||||
|
||||
HYPOTHESIS:
|
||||
When monitoring, the device suppresses detailed fields and returns only:
|
||||
- Monitor mode status (position may shift)
|
||||
- A condensed state indicator
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
TIME FIELD SUMMARY (3 INTERPRETATIONS)
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
OBSERVED BYTES:
|
||||
[0d] = 0x08 (day)
|
||||
[0e] = 0x10 (hour)
|
||||
[0f] = 0x04 (month)
|
||||
[10:12] = 0x07ea (year)
|
||||
[12] = 0x00 (minute)
|
||||
[13] = 0x01 (second)
|
||||
|
||||
INTERPRETATION #1 (MOST LIKELY):
|
||||
2026-04-08 16:00:01
|
||||
|
||||
INTERPRETATION #2 (IF BYTES ARE SWAPPED):
|
||||
Could be 2026-04-08 04:10:?? (but less likely)
|
||||
|
||||
INTERPRETATION #3 (IF TIME IS ELSEWHERE):
|
||||
Bytes at [14:16] = 0x3b2d could indicate 59 seconds, 45 ???
|
||||
But structure is unclear
|
||||
|
||||
CONFIDENCE: MEDIUM
|
||||
The date part (day/month/year) is confirmed at 2026-04-08.
|
||||
The hour=16 (4 PM) seems reasonable.
|
||||
Minute=00 and second=01 seem offset but may reflect the sample time.
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
VOLTAGE ENCODING VERIFICATION
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Test: uint16 BE ÷ 100
|
||||
Raw bytes: 0x02a8
|
||||
As BE uint16: 680
|
||||
After ÷100: 6.80 V
|
||||
Expected: ~6.8V ✓ MATCH
|
||||
|
||||
Eliminated alternatives:
|
||||
÷1000: 0.68V ✗ (too low)
|
||||
÷10: 68V ✗ (too high)
|
||||
float32 BE: no 6.8V match ✗
|
||||
float32 LE: no 6.8V match ✗
|
||||
Fixed-point 8.8: no match ✗
|
||||
Fixed-point 16.0: no match ✗
|
||||
|
||||
CONCLUSION: uint16 BE ÷ 100 is correct encoding.
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
MEMORY ENCODING VERIFICATION
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Test: uint32 BE (bytes), convert to KB
|
||||
|
||||
Memory Total:
|
||||
Raw bytes: 0x000efff2
|
||||
As BE uint32: 983,026
|
||||
In KB: 983,026 ÷ 1024 = 960.0 KB
|
||||
Spec: ~960 KB ✓ MATCH
|
||||
|
||||
Memory Free:
|
||||
Raw bytes: 0x000e9e52
|
||||
As BE uint32: 958,034
|
||||
In KB: 958,034 ÷ 1024 = 935.6 KB
|
||||
Spec: ~936 KB ✓ MATCH
|
||||
|
||||
Sanity check: free (935.6) < total (960.0) ✓
|
||||
Usage: (960.0 - 935.6) / 960.0 = 2.5% (plausible)
|
||||
|
||||
CONCLUSION: uint32 BE (in bytes), divide by 1024 for KB.
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
PYTHON PARSING REFERENCE
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
from struct import unpack
|
||||
|
||||
data = bytes.fromhex("2c00000000000000000000000008100407ea00013b2d...")
|
||||
|
||||
monitor_mode = data[0x00]
|
||||
day = data[0x0d]
|
||||
hour = data[0x0e]
|
||||
month = data[0x0f]
|
||||
year = unpack('>H', data[0x10:0x12])[0]
|
||||
minute = data[0x12]
|
||||
second = data[0x13]
|
||||
|
||||
voltage_v = unpack('>H', data[0x2f:0x31])[0] / 100.0
|
||||
memory_total_kb = unpack('>I', data[0x31:0x35])[0] / 1024.0
|
||||
memory_free_kb = unpack('>I', data[0x35:0x39])[0] / 1024.0
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"Monitor: {['ON', 'OFF'][monitor_mode == 0x2c]}")
|
||||
print(f"Date: {year:04d}-{month:02d}-{day:02d}")
|
||||
print(f"Time: {hour:02d}:{minute:02d}:{second:02d}")
|
||||
print(f"Battery: {voltage_v:.2f} V")
|
||||
print(f"Memory: {memory_total_kb:.1f} KB total, {memory_free_kb:.1f} KB free")
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user