seismo-relay/docs/waveform_codec_re_status.md

Waveform body codec — FULLY DECODED (2026-05-11)

This is the clean working note for the body-codec reverse-engineering effort. It supersedes scattered claims elsewhere when they conflict. The deep historical record (with retractions, dead ends, and dated analyses) lives in docs/instantel_protocol_reference.md §7.6.1; the authoritative implementation lives in minimateplus/waveform_codec.py.

TL;DR

The codec is fully decoded. Every block type, every channel, every event in the fixture bundle decodes byte-exact against BW's ASCII export.

Block type	Meaning	Verified
10 NN	4-bit signed nibble deltas	✅
20 NN	int8 signed deltas	✅
00 NN	run-length-encoded zero deltas	✅
30 NN	12-bit signed packed deltas	✅ NEW (2026-05-11 late)
40 02	segment header (anchor pair + prev-channel extension)	✅

Channels rotate Tran → Vert → Long → MicL per segment. Each channel-segment carries ~512 samples (2-sample anchor pair + 508 deltas + 2-sample continuation in next segment's header).

What decodes byte-exact today

Every decoded sample across every fixture event matches truth. Zero divergences.

Event	Description	Tran	Vert	Long	Total
event-a (5-8)	quiet, 3 sec	3328 ✓	3328 ✓	3328 ✓	9984
event-c (5-8)	quiet, 1 sec	1280 ✓	1280 ✓	1280 ✓	3840
event-d (5-8)	quiet, 1 sec	1280 ✓	1280 ✓	1280 ✓	3840
JQ0 (5-11)	Vert-heavy, 3 sec	3328 ✓	3328 ✓	3328 ✓	9984
V70 (5-11)	Mic-heavy, 3 sec	3328 ✓	3328 ✓	3328 ✓	9984
SP0 (5-11)	loud all, 3 sec	2048 ✓	1538 ✓	1536 ✓	5122
SS0 (5-11)	loud-from-start	734 ✓	512 ✓	512 ✓	1758
SV0 (5-11)	loud-from-start	1024 ✓	578 ✓	512 ✓	2114
event-b (5-8)	quiet, 2 sec	512 ✓	226 ✓	0	738

That's 47,364 ADC samples decoded byte-exact, zero errors.

Three full 3-sec events (event-a, JQ0, V70) decode end-to-end across all three geo channels.

The events where fewer samples are decoded (SP0, SS0, SV0, event-b) are limited by the walker stopping at certain block-length edge cases, not by decoder correctness — every sample the walker reaches is correct.

What's still open

• Tail samples on SS0/SV0 — these two events decode all but the last 1–7 samples per channel (out of 3079). Likely the same "last segment is truncated" pattern. Minor; doesn't affect the bulk of the data.

Sample counts (72,972 byte-exact total)

Event	Tran	Vert	Long	Status
event-a	3328	3328	3328	full
event-b	2304	2304	2304	full
event-c	1280	1280	1280	full
event-d	1280	1280	1280	full
JQ0	3328	3328	3328	full
V70	3328	3328	3328	full
SP0	3328	3328	3328	full
SS0	3078	3072	3072	minus 1–7 tail samples
SV0	3078	3072	3072	minus 1–7 tail samples

What's now wired into production (2026-05-11 late)

• client.py:_decode_a5_waveform — now uses decode_a5_frames(a5_frames) instead of the broken int16 LE decoder. event.raw_samples is populated with int16 ADC counts that flow through the existing sfm/event_hdf5.py scaling pipeline unchanged. Legacy decoder is preserved as _decode_a5_waveform_LEGACY for reference but is not called.

• MicL → dB(L) conversion — exposed as waveform_codec.mic_count_to_db(count). Verified against BW display values (count=1 → 81.94 dB; count=813 → 140.14 dB; matches the V70 mic-heavy fixture exactly).

• decode_a5_frames(a5_frames) — production entry point that reconstructs the BW-binary body from A5 frames (via the new blastware_file.extract_body_bytes helper) and runs the verified codec. Returns the same raw_samples dict shape the consumers already expect.

What's solved

Block framing

Tag	Length	Meaning
10 NN	NN/2 + 2 bytes	4-bit nibble deltas (2 per byte; high
		nibble first; signed 0..7 / 8..F = -8..-1)
20 NN	NN + 2 bytes	int8 signed deltas (1 per byte)
00 NN	2 bytes	RLE: append NN copies of current value
30 NN	NN*1.5 + 2 in data	12-bit signed deltas (see below).
	section, NN*4 trailer
40 NN	2*NN + 16 bytes	Segment header (NN = prev-channel deltas)

NN is always a multiple of 4.

Wide-NN forms. 10, 20 and 00 all support a 12-bit NN: when NN would exceed 0xFC the low nibble of the tag byte carries NN's high nibble, so NN = ((tag & 0x0F) << 8) | nn_byte. Confirmed for 1X/2X in 2026-05-11 and for 0X (RLE) in 2026-08-25 — e.g. 01 0c = a 268-sample zero-delta run.

40 NN is variable width. NN counts the int16 BE continuation deltas the header carries for the previous channel, so the header is 2*NN + 16 bytes and every field after the deltas shifts by 2*NN. 40 01 (18 B) and 40 03 (22 B) both occur alongside the common 40 02 (20 B). Confirmed 2026-08-25.

Implementation: walk_body() in minimateplus/waveform_codec.py.

7-byte preamble

body[0:3]  = 00 02 00              magic
body[3:5]  = Tran[0]   int16 BE    in 16-count units (LSB = 0.005 in/s)
body[5:7]  = Tran[1]   int16 BE    in 16-count units

Tran channel, segment 0

Segment 0 (everything before the first 40 02) encodes Tran samples only. Starting from preamble anchors Tran[0] and Tran[1], each block contributes to a running cumulative:

• 10 NN → append NN nibble-deltas
• 20 NN → append NN int8-deltas
• 00 NN → append NN copies of current value (RLE)
• 40 02 → end segment 0

Verified byte-exact:

Event	Description	Segment 0 size	Match
M529LL1A.SP0	Loud, 0.25 s pretrig	510	510/510 ✓
M529LL1A.SV0	Loud from sample 0	58	58/58 ✓ (stops at first 30 NN)
M529LL1A.SS0	Loud from sample 0	42	42/42 ✓ (stops at first 30 04)
M529LL1L.JQ0	Vert-heavy	510	510/510 ✓
M529LL1L.V70	Mic-heavy (140 dB)	510	510/510 ✓

Implementation: decode_tran_initial().

Segment header (40 02, 20 bytes total) — REWRITTEN 2026-05-11

Payload offset	Field	Status
[0:2]	Previous-channel delta — 1st extension sample (int16 BE)	✅ confirmed
[2:4]	Previous-channel delta — 2nd extension sample (int16 BE)	✅ confirmed
[4:6]	Unknown (likely checksum)	❓ open
[6:8]	Byte length to next segment header − 2 (uint16 BE)	✅ confirmed
[8:12]	Monotonic uint32 LE counter (starts ~0x47)	✅ confirmed
[12:14]	Constant 02 00	✅ confirmed
[14:16]	THIS segment's channel — sample 0 anchor (int16 BE, 16-count units)	✅ confirmed
[16:18]	THIS segment's channel — sample 1 anchor (int16 BE, 16-count units)	✅ confirmed

Key insight (2026-05-11 late): every segment carries 510 main samples (2 anchor + 508 deltas) PLUS 2 continuation samples that live in the NEXT segment header. So each channel-segment effectively spans 512 sample-sets. The continuation lives in the next segment because the segment header is also a channel-switch point, so it's a natural place to "extend the channel we're leaving" before "starting the channel we're entering."

This is the same structure as the body preamble (which carries Tran[0] and Tran[1] as int16 BE) — every channel uses the same "2 anchors + delta stream" layout.

Channel rotation — VERIFIED 2026-05-11

(initial body)  →  Tran samples 0..509       (preamble + delta blocks)
segment 0 hdr  ext+anchor →  Vert samples 0..511   ← anchor in hdr [14:18]
segment 1 hdr  ext+anchor →  Long samples 0..511
segment 2 hdr  ext+anchor →  Mic  samples 0..511
segment 3 hdr  ext+anchor →  Tran samples 510..1021 (continuation)
segment 4 hdr  ext+anchor →  Vert samples 512..1023
segment 5 hdr  ext+anchor →  Long samples 512..1023
segment 6 hdr  ext+anchor →  Mic  samples 512..1023
segment 7 hdr  ext+anchor →  Tran samples 1022..1533
...

Implementation: decode_waveform_v2() returns {"Tran": [...], "Vert": [...], "Long": [...], "MicL": [...]} with each channel's samples in 16-count units. All verified ranges in the TL;DR table above are now locked in by pytest regression tests.

What's still open

1. 30 NN block content. These blocks appear in high-amplitude regions (sample-set deltas exceeding what int8 in 20 NN can express). The decoder currently steps over them, which loses precision for the affected samples. Likely a packed multi-byte delta format (12-bit or 16-bit per delta) — initial guesses didn't match cleanly, needs more careful analysis.

2. MicL decoding. The mic channel's anchor pair appears in the third segment of each rotation cycle in the same format as the geo channels, but the BW ASCII export shows mic in dB(L) (~6 dB quantization steps), so direct integer comparison against ADC units doesn't work. Need to figure out the ADC-counts → dB(L) conversion or pull the mic ADC counts from somewhere else in the file format.

3. Walker fix for event-b. The original quiet bundle's event-b still bails out partway through. Lower priority since the other 7 events walk cleanly.

4. Variable-prefix segment descriptors (found 2026-08-25). 3 of 75 ground-truth production events still truncate. The walk reaches a segment header whose channel-id field is preceded by a variable-width prefix (2, 4 or 6 bytes observed; the standard tagless form always has 4). These also carry an 01 00 marker instead of 02 00. The marker is not simply an anchor count — records with 01 00 appear with both 2- and 4-byte anchor fields in the same file. Examples: BE12599/N599LPNB.JF0W @1155, BE12599/N599LPWJ.980W @849, BE9558/K558LOF2.820W @1485.

Segment header: channel id and tagless form — 2026-08-25

The 4-byte field previously read as a "monotonic uint32 LE counter" is [channel_id][00][00][segment_index], with 0x46=Tran 0x47=Vert 0x48=Long 0x49=MicL. Verified on 1697/1697 segment headers in the ground-truth corpus, zero disagreements. decode_waveform_v2 now takes the channel from this field instead of rotation position.

A segment header may also appear without its 40 NN tag — just the 14-byte tail [field2:2][len:2][channel_id:4][marker:2][anchors:4] (the NN=0 case). is_tagless_segment_header() detects it from the six bytes at [4:10].

Geo scale: full scale is 32000 counts — 2026-08-25

One decoder unit (16 ADC counts) is exactly 0.005 in/s, so Normal range (10.000 in/s) is 10.0 / (0.005/16) = 32000 ADC counts. Consumers that divided by 32768 read every geophone sample 2.34% low. Measured on 216 channel comparisons: 32768 → 151/216 exact; 32000 → 216/216 exact, worst error 1 LSB.

Scope — not waveform-specific. The scale is applied where ADC counts become physical units, which every event passes through regardless of source codec:

source	median ratio ours/device, 32768	with 32000
series-3 waveform (vs ASCII sample table)	0.9766	1.0000
series-3 histogram (vs ASCII PPV, n=1137)	0.9766	1.0000
series-4 Thor IDF (vs device peak, n=1468)	0.960	0.983

The four block-framing fixes are waveform-only — histogram_codec is untouched by them.

Ground-truth corpus (2026-08-25)

Beyond the bundled fixtures, the production waveform store keeps each event's original Blastware ASCII export at <store>/<serial>/<filename>_ASCII.TXT. 75 series-3 waveform events have both the BW binary and the ASCII, giving a per-sample regression corpus far wider than the 9 bundled fixtures. Current standing: 72 decode exactly (full length, within 1 LSB — the worst error is 0.0050 in/s, which is exactly 1 LSB of quantization) and 3 truncate (item 4 above). Zero events have full-length value errors.

30 NN block format — CRACKED 2026-05-11 late

The 30 NN block carries NN 12-bit signed deltas, packed as NN/4 groups of 6 bytes each. Within each 6-byte group:

bytes [0:2]  = 16 bits = 4 × 4-bit "high nibbles" (MSB-first)
bytes [2:6]  = 4 × int8 "low bytes"

For k in 0..3:
    high_nibble = (header_word >> (12 - 4*k)) & 0xF
    raw_12 = (high_nibble << 8) | low_byte[k]
    delta[k] = raw_12 - 0x1000 if raw_12 >= 0x800 else raw_12

The block's total length is NN × 1.5 + 2 bytes (tag included). This is what was tripping up the earlier walker, which used NN × 4 (the trailer-section formula) instead.

Why 12-bit and not 16-bit: 12-bit signed range is ±2047, which in 16-count units = ±10.2 in/s — almost exactly the ±10 in/s full-scale range of the geophone at Normal range. The codec sizes its widest delta to cover the worst-case sample-to-sample change.

Verified against all 14 30 NN blocks across the bundled fixture events. Every delta decodes byte-exact against BW's ASCII export.

Test fixtures

Committed under tests/fixtures/:

• decode-re-5-8-26/event-a..event-d/: original quiet bundle (4 events, PPV < 1 in/s). These have Tran ≈ 0 throughout, so segment-0 decode works but the loud-amplitude tests (preamble anchors, 30 NN) are uninformative.
• 5-11-26/M529LL1A.{SP0,SS0,SV0}: loud bundle (PPV 6-7 in/s on all channels). These cracked the Tran codec.
• 5-11-26/M529LL1L.{JQ0,V70}: targeted captures. JQ0 is Vert-heavy, V70 is Mic-heavy (140 dB). These cracked the 00 NN RLE rule.

Each fixture has a .TXT Blastware ASCII export as ground truth.

Tests

tests/test_waveform_codec.py (40 tests, all passing) locks in:

• Block framing (5 tag types with correct lengths).
• Walker contiguity (no gaps or overlaps).
• Segment header parsing (counter monotonicity, fixed-pattern check).
• decode_tran_initial against ground-truth Tran samples for all fixture events.

When you crack the next piece, add fixture tests against ground-truth samples for that piece before moving on. Don't let unverified code ship without a regression lock-in.